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The money from the sale of our apartment arrived Thursday last week. We are very happy that our apartment was sold so quickly and for a good price. Thank you from both of us for all your hard work, and for managing to sell so quickly. We both hope you are well and, maybe, we can visit L'Escala again 1 day and have a coffee together. It is taking us a long time to adjust to living back here in England, and I think we can truthfully say that the 30 years we lived in L'Escala were the happiest of our lives.
That review summary may sound very confusing and oxymoronic, but it does show how complex my feelings were watching 'L'avventura'. 'L'avventura' is a film that captivates many people, those that consider it a timeless masterpiece and a quintessential character study on alienation and psychological sterility, but still troubles just as many people, those that don't find themselves investing in what the film is trying to say or the overall film itself.Both opinions are completely understandable, this is not going to work for everybody. 'L'avventura' was not a film highly regarded straight-away, that reputation was garnered over-time. In fact at the time it was met with booing at Cannes and criticisms of it being immoral. To be honest, it took me more than one viewing to have the opinion had now, on first viewing it alienated me with its portrayal of its themes being a shock to me and not investing in the characters (the slow pace was not an issue), while still acknowledging its importance and what people saw in it as that was easy to see. Gave 'L'avventura' another viewing after it was recommended giving it another chance, and found myself loving it and appreciating it far more.'L'avventura's' weakest element is the character writing and development, which are shallow and vague.However, 'L'avventura' also has so much working in its favour. First and foremost, it looks wonderful with some truly beautiful and atmospheric locations and some of the best and most vivid cinematography of the 60s and ever, it really is a masterpiece of cinematic technique. Michaelangelo Antonioni directs exceptionally, it was the film that put him on the map and to this day it is one of his best and features some of his most accomplished directing. Haunting use of sound too.Didn't find myself bored, despite the slow pace and was fascinated by the frank brutality of the subject matter, ground-breaking and also shocking at the time, but it also allowed for some very beautiful and powerful moments too, depicting the characters' emotional states that become increasingly fraught, that made it such a captivating experience. The acting keeps one riveted, with Monica Vitti and Gabriele Ferzetti especially unforgettable.All in all, divisive and troubling but brilliant and ground-breaking. 9/10 Bethany Cox
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In the next year, Ramos and co-workers [28] studied the feasibility of AF4 combined with ICP-MS for separation, characterization, and quantification of AgNPs in one beverage sample labelled as containing AgNPs ((i) Korean beer) and four commercial nutraceutical products ((ii) antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal; (iii) antiseptic, disinfectant, and reinforced immune system; (iv) menstrual cycle regulation; and (v) flu prevention and allergies), which claimed to have biocide properties due to containing colloidal silver. In this work the authors emphasized the difficulty of separating, characterizing, and quantifying AgNPs in complex sample matrices like beverages and nutraceuticals, which can also contain other silver species and colloidal forms. In these cases, the sample treatments to extract the AgNPs without causing any kind of aggregation or oxidation processes present difficulties.
Later, in 2016, C.A. Sötebier et al. [33] applied a combination of isotope dilution analysis (IDA) with the HPLC procedure reported by Soto-Alvaredo [31], mentioned above, and coupled to ICP-MS. The aim of the work was the separation and simultaneous quantification of AgNPs and Ag ions. The authors investigated the separation mechanism of AgNPs of different origins and dimensions, and Ag ions, through a comparative study of two different pore-size chromatographic columns: 1000 Å and 4000 Å. For the quantification of total Ag, AgNPs, and Ag ions concentrations, the authors resorted to a post-column IDA approach, using two different silver isotopes (107Ag/109Ag). The study showed a decrease in the recovery rates with the increase in AgNPs size when a 1000 Å column was used, whereas, with a 4000 Å column, the recovery rate could be considered independent of the AgNPs with sizes between 18 nm to 55 nm (
In general, centrifugation is considered a low-cost, straightforward, and appropriate method to isolate and purify AgNPs, especially to remove the residues from newly prepared suspensions [1,42]. Table 4 depicts the most-important aspects derived from the analysis of selected works in the literature where AgNPs were separated by centrifugation techniques. The selected works were reduced to the ones in which the authors included a detailed description of the experimental parameters used, to enable a proper analysis in this revision. Most of other works in the literature mentioning AgNPs separation by centrifugation do not include the valuable experimental data used for separation (parameters and conditions used in the centrifugations), making impossible its inclusion in the present review, which intends to be a comparison analysis.
Another potential technique to separate AgNPs is capillary electrophoresis (CE). In CE, the separation process is based on the difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the NPs [48,49], and thus separation occurs accordingly with size and/or surface charge density. In the literature, there are some examples of CE applications, such as the work of Liu and co-workers [47], in 2005, which combined CE with a diode-array detection (DAD) system, allowing to achieve simultaneously the separation and characterization of AgNPs. To obtain a fully resolved separation, the authors found that the addition of an anionic surfactant, like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), in the running electrolyte, enhanced the resolution of the separation, because it prevented the coagulation of AgNPs during the separation process. The optimal concentration of SDS was found to be 20 mM. This work, without question, constituted an important landmark in the field, because it showed that the combination of CE with DAD system was a powerful method to simultaneous separate and characterize AgNPs.
In 2016, Qu and co-workers [48] combined CE with ICP-MS for a rapid separation and quantification of AgNPs and Ag ions, in consumer products (six dietary supplements). The AgNPs analyzed were of different capping nature and were coated with citric acid, lipoic acid, PVP, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The nanoparticles coated with BSA are more likely to adsorb free ionic Ag+ on their surface, resulting in a significant underestimation of the amount of Ag+ and overestimation of the amount of AgNPs. To facilitate the separation, and to keep the oxidation state of silver, preventing interaction of BSA with Ag+, the compound tiopronin was added to the background electrolyte, in the concentration of 1 mM. Even with an excess amount of BSA, the authors obtained a recovery > 93%, for both ionic silver and AgNPs. With further studies in the commercially available products, they achieved the speciation of AgNPs and Ag+ in six minutes, under optimized conditions, detailed in Table 5. The robustness of the method was evaluated by the analysis of six dietary supplements by the proposed system CE-ICP-MS. The obtained results constituted by the amounts of nanoparticulate Ag and free Ag ions were compared with ICP-MS analysis of total Ag after the acid digestion of the same samples. A good accordance between the sum of the amounts of ionic and AgNPs by CE-ICP-MS and the obtained total silver quantities by ICP-MS after acid digestion was obtained.
From the analysis of the Table 7, it is evident the prevalence of CPE techniques to separate the AgNPs. For example, in the work of Wu et al. [63] in 2011, a methodology to separate AgNPs and Ag+ in environmental waters was developed, while at the same time, the quantification of AgNPs was developed. For this purpose, the authors combined CPE and a colorimetric assay using Tween 20-stabilized AuNPs to allow the indirect quantification of AgNPs. The extracting agent Triton-X 114 was used in the preconcentration step of CPE, and Tween 20-stabilized AuNPs were used as a colorimetric probe, for Ag+ obtained after, by oxidation with H2O2 of the separated fraction of AgNPs. Figure 9 illustrates the procedure used by the authors for the identification of AgNPs through the AuNPs-based colorimetric probe. For the detection of Ag+ through colorimetric assay after CPE, the supernatant was discarded, and an amount of H2O2 was added to the concentrated AgNPs present in the Triton-X-114-rich phase. H2O2-oxidized AgNPs were added to Ag+ under acidic conditions. The Tween 20-AuNPs act as sensing probes to the silver ions. The presence of the remains of citrate ions on the AuNPs surface reduces Ag+ to Ag on the surface of AuNPs, and, as consequence, the stabilizer Tween 20 is removed from the AuNPs. As a result, the AuNPs became unstable and aggregate. The developed method proposed by the authors showed high selectivity for AgNPs and allowed to separate the AgNPs from Ag+. 2b1af7f3a8